Glossary

Indicator Extraction

Pulling concrete indicators, such as file hashes, domains, IPs, or behavioral patterns, out of a threat hunt's findings, so what the hunt discovered can be operationalized into detections and shared intelligence.

Indicator Pivot

Using one observed indicator on a host, such as a suspicious process, path, or registry key, as a starting point to find related artifacts and expand understanding of what an attacker did on the system.

Indicator Pivoting

An analyst investigation skill of moving from one indicator to related ones, an IP to the domains it hosts, a hash to where else it appears, to expand an investigation and uncover the full scope of activity.

Indicators of Attack

Signals that focus on attacker behavior and intent, the actions and techniques being carried out, rather than static artifacts. They detect attacks in progress even when no known indicator of compromise is present.

Indicators of Compromise

Observable artifacts that signal a system may be compromised, such as malicious file hashes, IP addresses, domains, or registry keys, used to detect, hunt for, and confirm known threats across an environment.

Industry Framework Selection

Choosing security frameworks based on an organization's industry and its specific regulatory and customer demands, since sectors like healthcare, finance, and government gravitate toward frameworks suited to their obligations.

Industry Sharing

The practice of organizations sharing threat intelligence with one another, often through industry groups like ISACs, so defenders benefit from collective knowledge of threats targeting their sector.

Industry-Specific Cloud Frameworks

Cloud compliance frameworks tailored to particular industries, such as healthcare, finance, or government cloud requirements, that an organization must meet on top of general cloud compliance when operating in a regulated sector.

Information Security Policy

The high-level policy that sets an organization's overall direction and requirements for protecting information, the foundational governance document from which more specific policies, standards, and procedures flow.

Infrastructure as Code

Managing infrastructure with versioned configuration files instead of only manual changes.

Ingress

Network traffic entering a network or host, inbound flows from outside. Controlling ingress with firewalls and access rules is fundamental to limiting what can reach internal systems and reducing attack surface.

Inherence Factor

An authentication factor based on something you are, a biometric trait like a fingerprint, face, or iris, used to verify identity. It is one of the three classic factor categories alongside knowledge and possession.

Inherent Risk

The level of risk that exists before any controls are applied, the raw exposure of an activity or asset on its own. It is compared with residual risk (after controls) to show how much controls reduce risk.

Inheritable Controls

Controls that a cloud customer can rely on the provider to fulfill under shared responsibility, so the customer inherits them rather than implementing them, reducing the customer's own compliance burden for those controls.

Initial Access

The first successful foothold an attacker gains in an environment.

Initial Access Hunts

Threat hunts focused on finding how attackers first got in, searching for signs of phishing payloads, exploited services, or other initial-access techniques that may have established an undetected foothold.

Initial Assessment

An analyst's first evaluation of an alert, quickly judging what it is, how urgent and severe it appears, and what to do next, to triage it efficiently before deeper investigation.

Initial Communication

The first communications sent when an incident is confirmed, notifying the right internal people and stakeholders that an incident is underway, establishing channels and cadence so coordination starts on the right foot.

Initial Scoping

Determining the breadth of an incident early on, which systems, accounts, and data are affected and how far the compromise reaches, so response is sized correctly and nothing affected is missed.

Injection

A class of web vulnerabilities where untrusted input is interpreted as commands or code, such as SQL or command injection, letting an attacker alter queries or execute unintended actions. Input validation and parameterization are the defenses.

Input Validation

Checking external input against expected rules before the application trusts or stores it.

Insider Activity Alerts

SOC alerts flagging potentially malicious or risky behavior by insiders, employees or contractors, such as unusual data access, policy violations, or signs of misuse, that analysts triage with care given the human and legal sensitivity.

Insider Risk

The risk posed by people inside the organization, employees, contractors, partners, who through malice, negligence, or compromise could harm security. It spans the full range from accidental mistakes to deliberate sabotage or theft.

Insider Threat Response

The response to a confirmed or suspected insider threat, handled with special care for evidence, legal involvement, and discretion, since the subject is a trusted person with legitimate access and the matter carries HR and legal weight.

Insider Threats

Threats that come from people with legitimate access, malicious insiders stealing or sabotaging, negligent insiders causing accidental harm, or compromised insiders whose access an attacker has hijacked. They bypass perimeter defenses.

Integrity

Integrity means information or systems remain accurate, complete, and protected from unauthorized change.

Intelligence Cycle

The structured process of producing threat intelligence, planning and direction, collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination, that turns raw data into finished intelligence and feeds back into new requirements.

Intelligence Integration

Weaving threat intelligence into all SOC functions, detection, triage, hunting, and incident response, so intelligence actively shapes operations rather than sitting in isolated reports. It is what makes a SOC threat-informed.

Intelligence Reports

The finished intelligence products a SOC produces or consumes, written assessments of threats, actors, campaigns, or indicators, tailored to an audience so decision-makers and operators can act on the analysis.

Intelligence Requirements

The defined questions an intelligence effort sets out to answer, what the organization needs to know about threats to make decisions, that direct collection and analysis so intelligence is purposeful rather than aimless.

Intelligence in Detection

Applying threat intelligence to detection, using knowledge of adversary indicators and techniques to build, prioritize, and enrich detections, so the SOC catches what intelligence says is actually threatening it.