Hash Functions
Algorithms that take input of any size and produce a fixed-size, unique-looking output (a hash), designed so the same input always yields the same hash and it is infeasible to reverse or to find two inputs with the same hash.
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Collision Resistance
The foundation Hash Functions builds on, worth understanding first.
Digital Signatures
A cryptographic technique that proves a message or file came from a specific signer and was not altered, by signing with a private key that anyone can verify with the matching public key. It provides authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation.
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Hashing
The process of running data through a hash function to produce a fixed-size digest, used to verify integrity, identify data, and (with proper protections) store passwords. It is a foundational security primitive.
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HMAC
Hash-based Message Authentication Code: a construction that combines a secret key with a hash function to produce a code verifying both a message's integrity and its authenticity, that it was not altered and came from someone holding the key.
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